Women and Politics. Today's Women Role in Politics Compare to Essay

Women and Politics. Today's Women Role in Politics Compare to Aristotle View - Essay Example The male counterparts are agreeing to the voice of women and presence in politics. This is due to globalization that currently is eroding former and ancient barbaric cultures that restrained women to the homestead confinements. Generally, the perception of politics and women by Aristotle is remarkably diverse from the current elites who are encouraging women emancipation from male and obsolete cultures (Gurirab). This encompasses women attaining allowance to contend for various posts in politics, which is contrary to Aristotle’s view. Aristotle maintained that the only befitting place for a woman was in the homestead confinements and not in public where men exercised their superiority granted by nature. According to Aristotle’s perception, women lack a place in public and especially in politics, since they are supposed to be at home  caring the household and what the husband possess’. Currently, women have surpassed men in politics by emerging as excellent thro ugh their leadership skills and organization (Adams 342). May be this is out of their natures ability to multitask which was not recognized before by society, which held them in low esteem. The today’s public is acknowledging the presence of women in politics and preferring them especially in the developed states (Dufour & Isabelle 1167). This emanates from the civic education, which encourages females to venture in politics plus the rights that elevate the woman. For instance, Pratibha Devisingh Patil, India’s 12Th leader and first lady to lead government after Abdul Kalam,four years currently. Women have contributed immensely in political and economical advancement, which has paved more emergency of women in high offices (Mandakini et al 20). China’s 200 women hold senior positions in both research and politics, where in 2001 endorsed women state leaders. This exemplifies how women in today’s politics have performed a key role to the extent of winning t heir counterparts trust while in top seats. Aristotle’s argument regarding woman in politics and her role are quite diverse from what the current woman is doing. He states that woman â€Å"lacks authority†, though in his debate does no expound he implied (Clayton). However, from the former perception and placement he held towards women, this implied that women were inferior to men. Hence, woman lacks the necessary assertiveness to incline men undertake certain responsibilities. His conclusion to low esteem of females might have emanated from the Greeks perception held against women; where at 13 years girls were already wives (Newman 46). This deprived women chance in education and made them not having adequate knowledge that will catapult them in the political arena. The lack of adequate education and knowledge made woman still belief that she was inferior and cannot do anything without the husband's consent. Aristotle defines the liaison amid the husband and the wife closely as that of master and slave (Ford 9). Here, the woman has to incline at husband’s command together with the small girls in his house. Mainly, the woman’s role was home-based in ensuring the man was happy together with the children. Aristotle’s argument finds support from the Greek barbarians who still held similar outlook (Aristotle 17). However, the barbarians blame Aristotle for not distinguishing clearly amid slave and the woman. Since, he sometimes contradicts himself when he states that; â€Å"for any state to experience happiness, the woman must be happy.† This brings confusion regarding what is the exact relationship amid the couples and what level of education Aristotle proposed for women (Aristotle 17 -25). Since, this issue tends to shun what women leaders currently are

Similarities And Differences Between Sport And Physical Education Essay

Similarities And Differences Between Sport And Physical Education Essay Introduction Throughout this essay I will identify the definition for both sport and physical education, implementing my own interpretation. I will also explain the differences and similarities between them. My research will be based largely on the affect physical activity has on school children. I aim to concentrate my research on the method of teaching PE and sports, introducing both linear and non-linear pedagogy. Finally, I will conclude with my own understanding of my findings and where I feel research should be continued in order to ensure both PE and sports is an active part of every childs life, especially after leaving school. Sport v PE Classifying the definition of sport is not as simple as it seems. Research states, an athletic activity requiring skill or physical prowess and often of a competitive nature, as racing, baseball, tennis, golf, bowling, wrestling, boxing, hunting, fishing, etc. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sport). This is true, however, there is a lot more to it that just skill and competition. Although rules are a major part of sport, making it sound more serious, it can also be fun and entertaining. Physical skill is a key advantage in playing sport, however lets not forget that most sports also require mental skill for strategic planning. The most important aspect of sport is having fun with the added bonus of maintaining a good fitness level. The term sport comes from the old French desport which means leisure. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport. Physical Education is Training in the development of and care for the human body; stresses athletics; includes hygiene. http://www.wordwebonline.com/en/PHYSICALEDUCATION. It is a taught course taken during primary and secondary education that encourages psychomotor learning in a play or movement exploration setting. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_education. In the UK, Physical Education classes are compulsory in school until approximately age 16. As well as learning basic sporting skills, the curriculum also pays attention to health and fitness. My first recollection of PE at School was playing pirates in the school gym which involved running around on sporting apparatus being chased. PE is not always being taught the obvious sporting game such as football, hockey, etc. Its aim is to enhance an individuals progress through a variety of activities, which will boost their confidence level; hence my pirate game vastly improved my agility skills. As the student progresses, leaders hip skills are incorporated into the programme as well as being encouraged to be player independent in their decision-making. The most obvious similarity between sport and PE is that they both involve physical activity. Physical health benefits are gained by taking part in regular physical activity, whether that is during school hours (PE lessons), an extra-curriculum activity, or playing for a local club. Research shows that children who participate frequently in physical activity will reduce their chances of acquiring certain ailments such as diabetes and obesity, therefore improving their quality of life. However, other benefits such as affective and social are also gained. Research suggests that affective development is now evident with children. One of the main signs of this is a childs self-esteem that grows stronger when partaking in physical activity. Research show that stress, anxiety and depression, can also be significantly reduced with regular exercise. Probably the most important aspect of both sport and PE is social benefit. Whether you are playing football with a few friends or in a controlle d PE lesson, it is evident that this is a major part of a childs social learning skills. Anti-social behaviour is frowned upon and, to fit in, children tend to conform to the norm. Also, for an introvert child, communication though activity can help dramatically improve their interaction with other children outside of sports and PE and this has a knock-on affect with their affective skills also (Bailey, 2006). However, there may be implications. For example, we are assuming that pupils are enjoying the physical activity and are good at it. What if a child suffers with ability and/or may be teased by other school children for their lack of coordination? This may cause the child to become introvert and depression and anxiety could occur. Although PE has a positive effect for most, this concern needs to be considered carefully when planning PE lessons at school. However, sport is more about being competitive and winning medals and trophies. Although PE can be competitive, teachers introduce fair play; ensuring teams are equally balanced, whether that is by age, sex, and/or ability. However, in sports, the best players are selected for the clubs first team and those with less skill will be placed in a lower performing side. Sport is voluntary and the number of participants can vary from club to club, but the size of group/team can be adapted to suit the requirements of a match. However, PE is compulsory in schools and classes can be vast, this can cause problems for the teacher when applying rules and instructions, especially given that a proportion of children do not want to partake and may be unruly. Within sports there are leagues and competitions, involving officials and a fixture secretary and each club concentrates on one particular sport. However, the chosen activity for a particular PE lesson is usually decided by the teacher and can vary from lesson to lesson. This decision can also depend on the environmental conditions and equipment available to that school. For example, it is difficult for a school in the centre of London to partake in an outdoor adventure activity, as there are no local amenities to support this and some inner city schools dont have the funds to purchase expensive equipment. Linear and non-linear pedagogy The basic skills of PE are learned during a childs school years. This is normally taught using linear pedagogy, a more traditional method. Once the basics are learnt, a pupil may wish to expand on this skill and join a particular sport they excel in. This is where further, more advanced coaching, takes place and in my experience, a more non-linear pedagogy approach is implemented. Linear pedagogy is teacher centred, instructional, technique-based and practiced method. This style is more advantageous in schools than clubs, where, due to enormous class sizes, it is easier for the teacher to maintain control of the class. However, there are problems with this approach. For example, in my school-day experience, in order for skills to be learned, the teacher would use drills to demonstrate a technique and it was a luxury to play a game. This was a disappointment to my peers and me. Tactics were rarely mentioned therefore my decision-making was poor. Non-linear pedagogy leans more towards the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) way of teaching where it is player centred, involving engaging an individual in being encouraged to think for themselves in both tactical and technical aspects (Thorpe and Bunker 1989). Its major advantage it that it is designed to guide players to become independent in their decision-making. For example, a typical training session may involve a short modified game to identify the teams failings. Drill sessions would then take place to strengthen these weaknesses. After the drills, another game would be played to implement the new skill, using their own thoughts. The coach encourages player independence by applying strategies to match an individual players game, therefore improving their decision-making throughout a game (Light, 2006). The main problem with linear pedagogy is that it can be strict and disciplined, almost military style, therefore enjoyment, which should be a major factor, is low on the list of achievements and participating in both PE and sport should definitely achieve this. Lessons become predictable and children tend to pay less attention due to boredom, therefore not much learning will take place. Also, too much structure wont allow those with less ability to achieve the aimed outcome and, instead, may become stressed at their inability to master the skill. This could also damage their confidence. By not allowing children to think for themselves, it reduces their scope of learning and their tactical skills will be limited. Non-linear pedagogy is not without its faults. At school level, it may lack adequate theoretical teaching from a motors learning perspective. Receiving little instruction from the teacher can result in the child not being able to make the correct decision. It is very difficult to measure whether or not the children are learning anything and it can look a lot like chaos (Mack, et al, 2000). Conclusion Taking into consideration the research and my own interpretation, it is encouraging to see that both PE and sports has a positive affect on majority of children. However, my findings highlight the need for schools to reconsider their method of teaching PE. Other less traditional styles should be implemented to enhance the enjoyment of the lesson, which may encourage children to continue their interest in extra-curriculum sporting activities and perhaps join sporting clubs upon leaving school. This will then increase the number of potential elite athletes. Further research needs to be undertaken to investigate the effects of social behaviour in children. For example, how does participating in PE and sports help reduce crime rate? What can the government do to ensure people from deprived areas are given more opportunities to partake in sport? Overall, any type of physical activity should be a part of everyones lifestyle. Although playing sport is more of an individual choice, it is vital that PE remains a compulsory part of the curriculum at schools as this is the grass roots encouragement they require to continue in their enjoyment and progress to playing sport after leaving school. Reference list: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sport http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Physical+education Ones I have not used yet: http://www.tgfu.org/taskforce/index.htm http://www.citejournal.org/vol1/iss1/currentissues/english/article1.htm http://www.suite101.com/content/teaching-breathing-exercises-for-singing-a146136 http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002249790 http://www.bmj.com/content/327/7415/592.full

Commanding Heights :: essays research papers

The role that the government played in chapter two, â€Å"The Curse of Bigness,† of Commanding Heights in relation to the rest of the world was to create regulations. The New Deal was what was created to establish the rules and regulations in the United States, in regards to the stock market. It also created jobs by using government programs such as TVA. The TVA program was initiated in order to create jobs, which they were hoping would help boost up the stock market. Luckily as they had planed it did in fact create more job availability which did in turn boost the stock market thus helping the entire economy, as it was trying to crawl out of the depression. By the late nineteenth century the United States was on its way to becoming an industrial nation. This is due to the creation of the interstate commerce commission (ICC). The ICC was the first major attempt by the government to control the economy. The economy at this time was based on the railroads across the country and the ICC was created to regulate the railroads. The ICC regulated rates as well as required just treatment of shippers and communities. The ICC became the model for future regulatory commissions. The government found regulation necessary only after the local newspapers bashed the country because of its industrial setting. The term â€Å"muckrakers† was use by President Theodore Roosevelt in order to insult the media that was bashing America’s image. The majority of the government regulation was focused on one issue. The issue the government was worried the most about was bigness and monopolies. The monopolies appeared to have only one intention and that one intention was to extinguish the atomistic world of small, family-owned enterprises. The monopolies were referred to as â€Å"the red hot event.† What the muckrakers were saying by this is that the number one focus at this time of the economy was definitely the monopolies. President Roosevelt felt that not all monopolies were bad. He separated the monopolies into â€Å"good trust and bad trust.† He felt that monopolies should be scrutinized under the publics’ eye.

Pervapertion Overview

Membrane selectivity : what goes through and what gets rejected 2. Flux: Denote the amount of output (measured in relation to membrane area , thickness and time). What will influence the performance? Feed temperature: Refers to temperature of the feed stock or any other representative between feed and retentate streams. Membrane thickness: Refers to dry thickness. 3. Kinetic diameter: diameter of pore needed to let a specific molecule passPerformance Parameters – Selectivity 0 Membrane selectivity allows us to choose certain molecules to pass through the membrane 0 Improved membrane selectivity will increase absorption rates 0 more efficient and possible cost reduction 0 This can be achieved by better understanding of the material selected for the membrane Impact of Feed Temperature on Flux 0 Feed Temperature 0 Molecules movement increases exponentially with temperature 0 improve flux rate Impact of Membrane Thickness on Flux The thinner the membrane, the faster Influencing Pa rameters – Kinetic Diameter (1)Kinetic diameter can be understood as the diameter of a pore needed to let that specific molecule pass Source: Fundamentals and applications of pervaporation through Zeolite membranes, 2004 Influencing Parameters – Kinetic Diameter (2) Key Cost Components For Pervaporation The operating cost of pervaporation is heavily reliant on the cost of generating heat and the cost of the membrane used Current trend: decreasing heating cost and decreasing membrane cost Source: http://www. scielo. org. ar/scielo. php? Decreasing Trend in Membrane Cost from 1989 to 2000 Reasons of decreasing membrane cost: .Membrane surface area per module increase 0 lesser membrane modules to produce the same amount of output 2. Membrane mass production 0 production cost decrease 3. More compact module 0 cost savings in civil works overview of UF technology today, Desalination 131 (2000) 17-25 Similar Decreasing Trend in Membrane Cost from 1970 to 2010 Source: America n Membrane Technology Association (AMTA), wrww. amtaorg. com Improvement in cost of heat generation -Cost of Conserved Energy (CCE) summarizes annual costs associated with saving a GJ (approximately 0. 95 MBtu) of energy with a particular measure.Table shows that energy efficient measures lead to energy savings that have short payback periods from immediate to 2. 7 years. -Industry is looking towards reducing cost of heat generation Improvements in membrane 1) Membrane preparation methods 0 more methods are developed to prepare membranes with different structures for different application 0 Phase separation method developed in 1960 0 Scanning Electron Microscope became available in 1960 0 helped in the detailed study of the membrane structure 2) Membrane selective layer is getting thinner over 30 years 0. 2 – 0. 4 pm

Elderly gambling Essay

As students of Cal State San Bernardino, we fully acknowledge that all work written is original set by the standards of the University. We also give due credit to all references used to their original authors, and cited correctly according the APA writing style. Student’s signature: Dominic J. Williams, Billy McCoy, Georgina Williams, Jessica Gambling Away As the number of elderly adults ages 65 and up continues to increase within the United States, the outpouring of abuse, neglect, and financial struggles hurt this population. With the lack of support from their families, the elderly are taking it upon themselves to survive in a world that looks down upon them. According to ElderlyAdults. org, it is this time of life elderly individuals suffers from poor health, slower reaction times, and even their life partners (2011). As of 2012, over 40 million elderly are living within the United States; accounting for nearly 13 percent of the total population. With the rate statistically to increase, by the year 2030, studies show that the population will go up to over 50 million (AOG.org, 2011). Furthermore, California has fifty-eight counties, with 42 seeing an increase of over 150 percent increase in its elderly population (Aging. ca. gov, 2013). Social Workers across the nation will have their work cut out handling the cases of the elderly, as sources of Social Security is becoming dire each passing year. It is in the interest of future and current Social Workers to advocate for funding, and looking for resources that will provide the quality care that will meet the needs of the elderly. So how do elderly adults respond to the stresses of life, the local casinos that offer them the peace of mind most are searching for? Some families and friends of these individuals feel this is not the proper way to cope with life, especially as most of casinos offer alcohol, many smoking individuals, and the financial burden that they are already suffering from with lack of adequate monthly funding from Social Security. Most Seniors believe that their life serves no further purpose, and it is the best of interests to relive the golden years in earlier times of life (CasinoWatch.com, 2013). With many local casinos that offer seniors the chance to get addicted on the wrong things of life, our study will be conducted within San Bernardino County. These casinos will provide the starting point for our research, furthermore, separate interviews with the elderly themselves will provide answers to their gambling ways. Once our research is completed, our results will be submitted to a local agency that may help future elderly dealing with the struggles of addictive gambling. Literature Review. Gambling will always be a prevalent issue within the United States. Like cocaine, alcohol, etc. gambling is an addiction. At times, the desire to gamble can be insatiable to the point where therapy will no longer suffice. To illustrate this concept, consider an example. When an individual is gambling at a slot machine, he or she is constantly pushing their finger on a button in the hopes of winning some money. The desire to win becomes so overwhelming that people will often lose hundreds (or even thousands) before realizing that they should stop. However, by that time, it may very well be too late. According to Lauren Erickson (2005), â€Å"Pathological gambling is an impulse-control disorder characterized by preoccupation with gambling, a need to bet more money, ‘chasing’ lost money, and continued gambling in spite of escalating negative consequences. † The issue here is not the fact that the elderly cannot make an informed decision, but rather it is a combination of mental decline, the feeling of being alone, etc. that influence their desire to gamble. Gambling among the elderly can influenced by numerous factors. One of the more common ones, according to many researchers, is because they often feel as if they are living a solitary life. Often times, they are neglected by family or friends, are retired from their profession, etc. Essentially, the feelings can be overwhelming and gambling may be the only solution when it comes to rectifying any of these hostile feelings. Because of this, researchers have determined that the primary factors behind the high level of gambling is due to health and mental decline. â€Å"Results from this study also suggest that disordered gambling is associated with mental and physical health problems in older adults. † Seniors will continue to find peace of mind in these casinos until there is enough support to help alleviate these issues. With legalized gambling present in over 47 states, it has become a multi-billion dollar industry. Consider the fact that just over 25 years ago, legalized gambling was allowed in over 4 states (including Nevada). With the increase in casinos and elderly individuals (e. g. baby boomers), there is a direct correlation to the increase in elderly gambling. In other words, with the population of seniors 65 years or older hitting 45 million in the United States, casinos have seen a spike in revenues. Because of this, there is great concern over the stability of these seniors. Grant Stitt has spent over 7 years studying the effects of senior gambling, debt, their relationship with family, etc. After compiling enough data over those years, he concluded that these issues need to be addressed (currently they are not). â€Å"These two phenomena, an expansion of casino gambling and an aging population, raise interesting questions and potentially are cause for concern. Certainly one issue is whether there will be a rapid rise in pathological and problem gambling amongst the elderly, a group that frequently has increased leisure time and greater disposable, albeit perhaps fixed, income. † Despite these growing concerns, many researchers have developed several models in order to predict and analyze the various reasons why these issues are occurring. Acknowledging that there is an issue is perhaps the most important step. The reason being is because it encourages researchers to determine why there is an issue and to develop strategies to help rectify the situation. Without a doubt, the United States is experiencing an epidemic when it comes to elderly gambling. Not surprisingly, many organizations have even established â€Å"online† gambling sites to cater to those who may be unwilling to drive or feel uncomfortable leaving their locale. After several years of research, many individuals have concluded that the social cognitive theory holds merit when it comes to elderly gambling. According to Vanchai Ariyabuddhiphongs (2009), â€Å"social cognitive theory model hypothesizes reciprocal relationships among person characteristics, environment variables and gambling behavior. The review will use the social cognitive theory model framework to examine older adult gambling behavior, and related personal and environment variables. † The social cognitive theory simply dictates that elderly gambling is directly tied into social and environmental factors. For example, if an elderly individual is neglected by family and friends, that would constitute being a â€Å"social† issue on account that they do not have any form of support from those that mean a lot to him. Conversely, if the environment is hostile or â€Å"not ideal† per se (e. g.gang ridden neighborhood or lack of financial stability) that can also contribute to their willingness to gamble. It is imperative to acknowledge the fact that many of these individuals continue to struggle within their environment. Because of these social and environmental factors, many seniors continue to struggle with gambling. Gambling is an addiction that can be difficult resolve. Like drug addiction and alcoholism, there are numerous programs out within the community that aim to combat these issues. Many seniors share certain characteristics that make it difficult for certain organizations to help them. Not only are many of them on a fixed income, but many of them have time to pursue other endeavors and gambling has proven that it can give them the peace of mind needed. As time progresses, the government and other researchers need to establish new programs aimed at minimizing this growing epidemic. As of today, millions of seniors continue to lose much of their savings because there is little done about their financial well-being. Once they reach the level of retirement, many of them feel that the only way to obtain solace is to gamble and play the lottery. Intervention programs are the only solution to these issues.